{"id":12601,"date":"2023-12-02T16:54:54","date_gmt":"2023-12-02T16:54:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/?p=12601"},"modified":"2023-12-02T16:54:58","modified_gmt":"2023-12-02T16:54:58","slug":"tribunals-court-important-for-apsc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/","title":{"rendered":"Tribunals Court ( Important for APSC)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>A tribunals is a quasi-judicial entity established to address issues such as resolving disputes in administrative or tax matters. It serves various functions, including settling disputes, deciding the rights of parties in contention, rendering administrative rulings, reviewing existing administrative decisions, and more.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_77 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Why_is_there_a_Need_for_Tribunals\" >Why is there a Need for Tribunals?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#What_are_the_Constitutional_Provisions\" >What are the Constitutional Provisions?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Articles_323_A_and_323_B_differ_in_the_following_aspects\" >Articles 323 A and 323 B differ in the following aspects:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Tribunals_Reforms_Ordinance_2021\" >Tribunals Reforms Ordinance 2021<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Provisions_Proposed_in_the_Tribunals_Reform_Ordinance_2021\" >Provisions Proposed in the Tribunals Reform Ordinance 2021:<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Search-cum-Selection_Committee\" >Search-cum-Selection Committee<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Term_of_Office_for_Tribunal_Members\" >Term of Office for Tribunal Members<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#National_Consumer_Disputes_Redressal_Commission_NCDRC\" >National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Tribunals_Introduction\" >Tribunals Introduction<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Administrative_Tribunals\" >Administrative Tribunals<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Characteristics_of_Administrative_Tribunals\" >Characteristics of Administrative Tribunals:<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Advantages_of_Administrative_Tribunals\" >Advantages of Administrative Tribunals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Disadvantages_of_Administrative_Tribunals\" >Disadvantages of Administrative Tribunals<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Challenges_of_Administrative_Tribunals\" >Challenges of Administrative Tribunals<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Other_Tribunals\" >Other Tribunals<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Armed_Forces_Tribunal\" >Armed Forces Tribunal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#National_Green_Tribunal\" >National Green Tribunal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Water_Disputes_Tribunal\" >Water Disputes Tribunal<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Income_Tax_Appellate_Tribunal_ITAT\" >Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#Tribunal_vs_Court\" >Tribunal vs Court<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tribunals-court-important-for-apsc\/#FAQs\" >FAQs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p>The term &#8216;tribunal&#8217; has its origins in the word &#8216;tribunes,&#8217; referring to the magistrates of the Classical Roman Republic. In essence, a tribunal is reminiscent of the office held by &#8216;tribunes,&#8217; who were Roman officials during both the monarchy and the republic. Their role was to safeguard citizens from arbitrary actions by aristocratic magistrates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a broader context, a tribunal can encompass any individual or institution with the authority to assess, adjudicate, or resolve claims or disputes, irrespective of whether it carries the title of &#8216;tribunal.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_is_there_a_Need_for_Tribunals\"><\/span><strong>Why is there a Need for Tribunals?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;To address the issue of pending cases in various courts, domestic and specialized tribunals have been established under different statutes, collectively known as &#8220;Tribunals.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;The primary purposes of these Tribunals include reducing the workload of regular courts, expediting the decision-making process, and providing specialized forums staffed by legal experts and professionals well-versed in the specific areas governed by each Tribunal.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tribunals serve an essential and specialized role in the justice system, helping alleviate the burden on already congested courts.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They are responsible for hearing and resolving disputes across various domains, including environmental matters, armed forces issues, taxation, and administrative disputes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_are_the_Constitutional_Provisions\"><\/span><strong>What are the Constitutional Provisions?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Tribunals were not originally a part of the Indian Constitution but were introduced through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Article 323-A addresses Administrative Tribunals, while Article 323-B pertains to tribunals for various other matters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Under Article 323-B, both the Parliament and state legislatures have the authority to establish tribunals for adjudicating disputes in several areas, including taxation, foreign exchange, industrial and labor issues, land reforms, urban property ceilings, parliamentary and state legislative elections, food-related matters, and rent and tenancy rights.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Articles_323_A_and_323_B_differ_in_the_following_aspects\"><\/span>Articles 323 A and 323 B differ in the following aspects:<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Article 323 A pertains to the establishment of tribunals for public service matters exclusively, whereas Article 323 B encompasses the establishment of tribunals for various other specified matters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;While tribunals under Article 323 A can be established solely by Parliament, those under Article 323 B can be established by both Parliament and state legislatures, depending on the subject falling within their legislative competence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Article 323 A allows for a single tribunal at the center and one for each state or two or more states. It does not involve a hierarchy of tribunals. In contrast, Article 323 B permits the creation of a hierarchical system of tribunals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Article 262 of the Indian Constitution assigns a role to the Central government in resolving conflicts related to inter-state rivers that may arise among the regional\/state governments.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tribunals_Reforms_Ordinance_2021\"><\/span><strong>Tribunals Reforms Ordinance 2021<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The government has introduced the Tribunals Reforms Ordinance 2021, which aims to dissolve several existing tribunals and reallocate their functions to the existing judicial bodies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ordinance proposes to amend the Finance Act of 2017 to incorporate provisions regarding the composition of search-cum-selection committees and the tenure of members for 19 tribunals, including the Customs, Excise, and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal, within the Act itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here is a list of appellate bodies affected by the Tribunals Reform Ordinance 2021, along with the proposed entities to which the functions of these discussed tribunals will be transferred:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Customs, Excise, and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal (CESTAT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Appellate Body: Railway Rates Tribunal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Appellate Body: Airports Economic Regulatory Authority Appellate Tribunal (AERAAT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Cyber Appellate Tribunal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Film Certification Appellate Tribunal (FCAT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Airport Appellate Tribunal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Appellate Body: Plant Varieties Protection Appellate Tribunal (PVPAT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>-Appellate Body: Appellate Tribunal for Forfeited Property (ATFP)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Appellate Tribunal for Electricity (APTEL)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Appellate Body: National Highways Tribunal (NHT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Appellate Tribunal for Foreign Exchange (ATFE)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Appellate Tribunal for PMLA (ATPMLA)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Authority for Advance Rulings (Customs and Central Excise)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Appellate Body: Authority for Advance Rulings (Income Tax)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: National Tax Tribunal (NTT)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Appellate Body: Appellate Tribunal for Human Trusts (ATHTR)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Appellate Body: Appellate Tribunal for UTGST (ATUTGST)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&#8211; Proposed Transfer: High Courts<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Provisions_Proposed_in_the_Tribunals_Reform_Ordinance_2021\"><\/span><strong>Provisions Proposed in the Tribunals Reform Ordinance 2021:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Search-cum-Selection_Committee\"><\/span><strong>Search-cum-Selection Committee<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;The search-cum-selection committee is responsible for recommending chairpersons and members for appointment by the central government in the Tribunal. The composition of this committee, as outlined in the Tribunals Ordinance 2021, includes:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Chairperson: The Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court Judge nominated by the Chief Justice, with the casting vote.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Two secretaries nominated by the Central Government.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u00a0The sitting or outgoing Chairperson, a retired Supreme Court Judge, or a retired Chief Justice of a <a href=\"https:\/\/ecommitteesci.gov.in\/high-courts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">High Court<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;The Secretary of the Ministry under which the Tribunal operates, with no voting rights.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Term_of_Office_for_Tribunal_Members\"><\/span><strong>Term of Office for Tribunal Members<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;The Tribunals Reform Ordinance specifies the following terms of office:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;&nbsp;Chairperson: Four years or until reaching the age of 70, whichever occurs earlier.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remaining Members: Four years or until reaching the age of 67, whichever occurs earlier.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"National_Consumer_Disputes_Redressal_Commission_NCDRC\"><\/span><strong>National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;The ordinance aims to include the NCDRC within the scope of the Finance Act 2017. The NCDRC was established under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tribunals_Introduction\"><\/span><strong>Tribunals Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Tribunals were not originally part of the Constitution of India but were introduced in 1985.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Their purpose is to provide swift, cost-effective, and decentralized resolution of disputes across various matters.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tribunals offer an alternative to the conventional court system for dispute resolution.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some tribunals, like specialized government agencies, possess decision-making powers conferred upon them by law.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;The Constitution initially lacked provisions for tribunals, but the 42nd Amendment Act introduced these provisions based on the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Amendment added Part XIV-A to the Constitution, known as &#8216;Tribunals,&#8217; comprising two articles.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Article 323A<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Administrative Tribunals for disputes related to public service recruitment and service conditions. The Central Administrative Tribunal was established under this provision.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Article 323B<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Deals with tribunals for various other subjects, including taxation, industrial and labor matters, foreign exchange, land reforms, food, urban property ceilings, parliamentary and state legislative elections, rent and tenancy rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;While Article 323A addresses administrative tribunals established solely by the Parliament, Article 323B covers other types of tribunals, such as the National Green Tribunal, Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT), Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT), etc.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tribunals under Article 323A are established exclusively by the Parliament, whereas those under Article 323B can be established by both the Parliament and State Legislature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Article 323A permits a single tribunal at the central level and one for each state or a group of states, while Article 323B allows for a hierarchical structure of tribunals.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Administrative_Tribunals\"><\/span><strong>Administrative Tribunals<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Characteristics_of_Administrative_Tribunals\"><\/span><strong>Characteristics of Administrative Tribunals:<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Administrative tribunals are established through statutory enactments by Parliament or legislatures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They possess a quasi-judicial nature, meaning they exhibit some, though not all, characteristics of a court.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>These tribunals operate based on the principles of natural justice and are not bound by the Civil Procedure Code.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They have the authority to summon witnesses, administer oaths, and compel the submission of documents, similar to regular courts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Decisions of administrative tribunals can be challenged through writs of prohibition and certiorari.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Administrative tribunals are autonomous entities and are not subject to administrative interference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Advantages_of_Administrative_Tribunals\"><\/span><strong>Advantages of Administrative Tribunals<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; Tribunals provide flexibility compared to standard courts bound by strict procedures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; They offer cost-effective and swift dispensation of justice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; Tribunal procedures are straightforward and comprehensible even for individuals without legal expertise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&#8211; These tribunals alleviate the burden on conventional courts, which are often inundated with cases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Disadvantages_of_Administrative_Tribunals\"><\/span><strong>Disadvantages of Administrative Tribunals<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They may deviate from the principles of the &#8220;Rule of Law,&#8221; which seeks to prevent arbitrary exercise of power by institutions or individuals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The Rule of Law ensures that everyone is accountable to fair and equitable laws.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Administrative tribunals lack a uniform code of procedure, unlike standard courts that have consistent processes for civil and criminal cases.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Some tribunals are managed by subject matter experts with no experience in judicial proceedings, leading to the adoption of summary procedures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Challenges_of_Administrative_Tribunals\"><\/span><strong>Challenges of Administrative Tribunals<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Autonomy in the appointment and funding of tribunals is lacking.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appeals against tribunal orders can be made in the High Court, defeating the purpose of reducing the burden on regular courts<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Inadequate infrastructure hinders the efficient functioning of tribunals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;The government typically appoints retired judges as tribunal chairpersons, potentially leading to favoritism to secure post-retirement appointments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>To ensure autonomy, structural and functional reforms of tribunals are needed, reducing executive influence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;Implementing judicial oversight of tribunals is crucial to maintain the Rule of Law.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Other_Tribunals\"><\/span><strong>Other Tribunals<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Armed_Forces_Tribunal\"><\/span><strong>Armed Forces Tribunal<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Established under the Armed Forces Tribunal Act, 2007, this military tribunal resolves disputes regarding commissions, emoluments, appointments, and service conditions of armed forces personnel.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;It consists of a Principal Bench in New Delhi and ten Regional Benches.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"National_Green_Tribunal\"><\/span><strong>National Green Tribunal<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>&nbsp;Formed in 2010, this tribunal expeditiously handles cases related to environmental protection and conservation of natural resources, including forests.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Water_Disputes_Tribunal\"><\/span><strong>Water Disputes Tribunal<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Constituted to settle disputes among Indian states regarding water-sharing from rivers crossing multiple states.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Income_Tax_Appellate_Tribunal_ITAT\"><\/span><strong>Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Established in 1941, the ITAT deals with appeals under direct tax acts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Decisions of the ITAT are final, with appeals to the High Court permitted only if a substantial question of law arises.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>&nbsp;The tribunal operates with 63 Benches.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tribunal_vs_Court\"><\/span><strong>Tribunal vs Court<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tribunals and courts share a common objective: resolving disputes that impact individuals&#8217; rights. While they exhibit similarities in some aspects, notable differences set them apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The origin of these institutions distinguishes them. Tribunals are typically established through statutes or legislation, making them creatures of specific laws, while courts operate under the constitution or established laws<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Sl. No.<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Court of Law<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Tribunal<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>1<\/td><td>It is a part of the traditional judicial system wherein the powers are derived from the State.<\/td><td>It is an agency created by Statute and invested with judicial powers.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>2<\/td><td>Civil courts have the power to try all civil suits unless there is an express or implied bar.<\/td><td>It has the power to try cases that are of the type that the Statute confers upon them. They are formed for adjudicating cases of a particular kind.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>3<\/td><td>Judges of the courts are independent of the executive.<\/td><td>Tenure, terms and conditions of the services of the members of tribunals are entirely in the hands of the executive.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>4<\/td><td>The presiding officer here is trained in law.<\/td><td>The presiding officer may or may not be trained in law.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>5<\/td><td>The judge should be impartial and not interested in the subject matter of the dispute.<\/td><td>Here, the tribunal may be a party to the dispute.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>6<\/td><td>Courts of law are bound by all rules of procedure and evidence.<\/td><td>Tribunals are bound by the principles of natural justice and not the civil procedure codes.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>7<\/td><td>Courts can decide vires of legislation.<\/td><td>Tribunals cannot decide the vires of legislation.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><strong>Tribunal vs Court<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/FAQPage\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading wp-block-coblocks-faq__title\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"FAQs\"><\/span><strong>FAQs<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question\" itemprop=\"name\"><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__content\">1. <strong>What is a tribunal court?<\/strong><\/div><svg fill=\"none\" view-box=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M19.39 14.99l-1.41 1.41L12 10.43 6.02 16.4l-1.41-1.41L12 7.6l7.39 7.39z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__answer\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\"><div itemprop=\"text\">\n<p>A tribunal court is a quasi-judicial institution established to adjudicate on specific types of disputes or matters in a specialized area, often outside the regular court system.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question\" itemprop=\"name\"><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__content\">2. <strong>What is the difference between a tribunal and a regular court?<\/strong><\/div><svg fill=\"none\" view-box=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M19.39 14.99l-1.41 1.41L12 10.43 6.02 16.4l-1.41-1.41L12 7.6l7.39 7.39z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__answer\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\"><div itemprop=\"text\">\n<p>Tribunals are specialized bodies with limited jurisdiction, while regular courts have broader authority to handle various legal matters.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question\" itemprop=\"name\"><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__content\">3. <strong>What kinds of disputes do tribunal courts handle?<\/strong><\/div><svg fill=\"none\" view-box=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M19.39 14.99l-1.41 1.41L12 10.43 6.02 16.4l-1.41-1.41L12 7.6l7.39 7.39z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__answer\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\"><div itemprop=\"text\">\n<p>Tribunal courts are typically set up to handle specific types of disputes, such as those related to taxation, labor, environment, and administrative issues.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question\" itemprop=\"name\"><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__content\">4. <strong>\u00a0Who presides over tribunal courts?<\/strong><\/div><svg fill=\"none\" view-box=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M19.39 14.99l-1.41 1.41L12 10.43 6.02 16.4l-1.41-1.41L12 7.6l7.39 7.39z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__answer\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\"><div itemprop=\"text\">\n<p>Tribunal courts are often presided over by experts or specialists in the subject matter of the case, along with legal professionals.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item\" itemprop=\"mainEntity\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Question\"><summary class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question\" itemprop=\"name\"><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__content\">5.<strong>Are tribunal decisions legally binding?<\/strong><\/div><svg fill=\"none\" view-box=\"0 0 24 24\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__question__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M19.39 14.99l-1.41 1.41L12 10.43 6.02 16.4l-1.41-1.41L12 7.6l7.39 7.39z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><div class=\"wp-block-coblocks-faq-item__answer\" itemprop=\"acceptedAnswer\" itemscope itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/Answer\"><div itemprop=\"text\">\n<p>The binding nature of tribunal decisions varies; some decisions are legally binding, while others may serve as persuasive precedents.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/details>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>For more blog visit our website \u2013\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Click Here<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>Also Read \u2013<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-borthakur-039-s-ias-academy-blog wp-block-embed-borthakur-039-s-ias-academy-blog\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"838GuF0Ug4\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/high-court-important-for-apsc\/\">High Court ( Important for APSC)<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;High Court ( Important for APSC)&#8221; &#8212; Borthakur&#039;s IAS Academy Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/high-court-important-for-apsc\/embed\/#?secret=f5c6X3uIoB#?secret=838GuF0Ug4\" data-secret=\"838GuF0Ug4\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-borthakur-039-s-ias-academy-blog wp-block-embed-borthakur-039-s-ias-academy-blog\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"unwDvAz0RE\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/state-legislature\/\">State Legislature ( Important for APSC)<\/a><\/blockquote><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;State Legislature ( Important for APSC)&#8221; &#8212; Borthakur&#039;s IAS Academy Blog\" src=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/state-legislature\/embed\/#?secret=WmUZnxO7Nz#?secret=unwDvAz0RE\" data-secret=\"unwDvAz0RE\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A tribunal is a quasi-judicial entity established to address issues such as resolving disputes in administrative or tax matters. It serves various functions, including settling disputes, deciding the rights of parties in contention, rendering administrative rulings, reviewing existing administrative decisions, and more.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":12605,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12601","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12601","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12601"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12601\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12607,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12601\/revisions\/12607"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12605"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12601"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12601"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12601"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}