{"id":16407,"date":"2026-01-25T19:40:15","date_gmt":"2026-01-25T19:40:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/?p=16407"},"modified":"2026-02-10T12:46:09","modified_gmt":"2026-02-10T12:46:09","slug":"tea-industry-in-assam-evolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/","title":{"rendered":"How Did the Tea Industry in Assam Evolve? From Discovery to Present Day For APSC\/UPSC"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>The tea industry in Assam is not just an economic activity\u2014it is a living legacy that has shaped the state\u2019s history, society, labour structure, and global identity. Assam today stands as <strong>India\u2019s largest tea-producing state<\/strong>, contributing <strong>more than half of the country\u2019s total tea output<\/strong> and playing a decisive role in the global tea market.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_77 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Why_Must_Every_Serious_APSC%E2%80%93UPSC_Aspirant_Understand_the_Tea_Industry_in_Assam_Beyond_Facts_and_Figures\" >Why Must Every Serious APSC\u2013UPSC Aspirant Understand the Tea Industry in Assam Beyond Facts and Figures?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#What_is_the_History_of_the_tea_industry_in_Assam\" >What is the History of the tea industry in Assam?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#1823_When_Local_Knowledge_Met_Colonial_Ambition\" >1823: When Local Knowledge Met Colonial Ambition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#The_Experimental_Phase_Testing_the_Future_1830s\" >The Experimental Phase: Testing the Future (1830s)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#1839_and_the_Birth_of_the_Plantation_Economy\" >1839 and the Birth of the Plantation Economy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#How_Did_Tea_Auctions_Enable_Assams_Entry_into_the_Global_Tea_Market\" >How Did Tea Auctions Enable Assam\u2019s Entry into the Global Tea Market?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#After_Independence_Change_Without_Disruption\" >After Independence: Change Without Disruption<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#The_Global_Identity_of_Assam_Tea\" >The Global Identity of Assam Tea<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#GI_Recognition_Protecting_a_Legacy\" >GI Recognition: Protecting a Legacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#What_Does_the_Present_Structure_of_the_Tea_Industry_in_Assam_Look_Like\" >What Does the Present Structure of the Tea Industry in Assam Look Like?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#What_Are_the_Major_Problems_of_the_Tea_Industry_in_Assam\" >What Are the Major Problems of the Tea Industry in Assam?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Climate_Change_and_Weather_Extremes\" >Climate Change and Weather Extremes<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Aging_Tea_Bushes_and_Declining_Productivity\" >Aging Tea Bushes and Declining Productivity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Rising_Cost_of_Production_and_Shrinking_Profit_Margins\" >Rising Cost of Production and Shrinking Profit Margins<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Labour_Shortage_and_Workforce_Issues\" >Labour Shortage and Workforce Issues<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Poor_Living_Conditions_in_Tea_Garden_Areas\" >Poor Living Conditions in Tea Garden Areas<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Price_Volatility_and_Market_Uncertainty\" >Price Volatility and Market Uncertainty<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Global_and_Domestic_Competition\" >Global and Domestic Competition<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Quality_Control_Issues_Among_Small_Tea_Growers\" >Quality Control Issues Among Small Tea Growers<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Pest_and_Disease_Incidence\" >Pest and Disease Incidence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Limited_Value_Addition_and_Weak_Branding\" >Limited Value Addition and Weak Branding<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Climate_Required_for_Tea_Cultivation\" >Climate Required for Tea Cultivation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Rainfall_Requirement\" >Rainfall Requirement<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Temperature_Conditions\" >Temperature Conditions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Humidity_Levels\" >Humidity Levels<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Sunshine_and_Cloud_Cover\" >Sunshine and Cloud Cover<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Frost-Free_Environment\" >Frost-Free Environment<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Importance_of_Tea_in_Cropping_Pattern_GS_Paper_1\" >Importance of Tea in Cropping Pattern (GS Paper 1)<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Plantation_Crop_Example\" >Plantation Crop Example<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Regional_Specialisation\" >Regional Specialisation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Link_with_Monsoon_and_Climate_Variability\" >Link with Monsoon and Climate Variability<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Economic_Role_of_Assam\" >Economic Role of Assam<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-4' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Also_read_APSC_Mains_GS_Paper_V_Syllabus\" >Also read : APSC Mains GS Paper V Syllabus<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#List_of_Major_Tea_Estates_and_Tea_Companies_in_Assam\" >List of Major Tea Estates and Tea Companies in Assam<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Famous_Tea_Estates\" >Famous Tea Estates<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-36\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Major_Tea_Companies_Operating_in_Assam\" >Major Tea Companies Operating in Assam<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-37\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/tea-industry-in-assam-evolution\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"912\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-16.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16408\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-16.png 1000w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-16-300x274.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-16-768x700.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-16-850x775.png 850w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>From indigenous use of wild tea leaves to colonial plantations, from post-Independence consolidation to modern-day climate challenges, the development of the tea industry in Assam reflects a long journey of transformation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Why_Must_Every_Serious_APSC%E2%80%93UPSC_Aspirant_Understand_the_Tea_Industry_in_Assam_Beyond_Facts_and_Figures\"><\/span>Why Must Every Serious APSC\u2013UPSC Aspirant Understand the Tea Industry in Assam Beyond Facts and Figures?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are preparing seriously for <strong>APSC or UPSC<\/strong>, let me tell you something honestly\u2014<br>The tea industry in Assam is one of those topics where <strong>history, geography, economy, society, environment, and current affairs quietly merge into one single story<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many aspirants make the mistake of reading this topic like a list of facts: dates, names, companies, production figures. But examiners are not looking for lists. They are looking for <strong>understanding<\/strong>, for the ability to explain <em>why<\/em> Assam became a tea powerhouse and <em>why<\/em> that powerhouse is under stress today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So instead of treating this as a chapter, let us treat it as a <strong>journey<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_is_the_History_of_the_tea_industry_in_Assam\"><\/span>What is the History of the tea industry in Assam?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s know about the long-forgotten history of Assam. Before the British East India Company showed any interest in Assam, tea already existed in the region\u2014not as an export commodity, not as a plantation crop, but as a part of everyday life for local communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tribes such as the <strong>Singpho and the Khamti<\/strong> were familiar with tea leaves. They consumed them in different forms, sometimes as a brewed drink and sometimes as food. This fact is extremely important, especially from an exam perspective, because it directly challenges the colonial narrative of \u201cdiscovery\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"810\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-17-810x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16409\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-17-810x1024.png 810w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-17-237x300.png 237w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-17-768x971.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-17-300x379.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-17.png 850w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Assam was not taught how to grow tea.<br>Assam <strong>already had tea<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This is why historians and botanists classify Assam as a <strong>native tea-growing region<\/strong>, home to <em>Camellia sinensis var. assamica<\/em>. Very few regions in the world can make this claim. This natural advantage later became the foundation of Assam\u2019s dominance in tea production.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you ever get a question asking <em>why Assam emerged as a major tea region<\/em>, this is where your answer truly begins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1823_When_Local_Knowledge_Met_Colonial_Ambition\"><\/span>1823: When Local Knowledge Met Colonial Ambition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The year <strong>1823<\/strong> is often highlighted as a milestone, but it needs to be understood correctly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In that year, a British officer named <strong>Robert Bruce<\/strong> came across tea plants growing wild in Upper Assam, particularly in the Brahmaputra Valley. He did not \u201cdiscover\u201d tea out of nowhere. He was shown these plants by local Singpho chiefs, most notably <strong>Bessa Gam<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Robert Bruce soon passed away, but the significance of his observation reached the British administration. His brother, <strong>Charles Alexander Bruce<\/strong>, took the matter forward with seriousness and scientific curiosity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This moment is important because it marked the transition of tea from <strong>local knowledge to colonial economic interest<\/strong>. For the British, this was not about culture or consumption. It was about breaking China\u2019s monopoly over tea and creating an alternative supply source within its empire.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In exam answers, this phase is best described as the <strong>British recognition of Assam tea<\/strong>, not its origin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Experimental_Phase_Testing_the_Future_1830s\"><\/span>The Experimental Phase: Testing the Future (1830s)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Once the British realised that Assam tea could potentially compete with Chinese tea, they did not immediately commercialise it. Instead, they experimented.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>1833<\/strong>, a government tea garden was established in the Lakhimpur area. The purpose was simple but critical: to test whether tea could be cultivated systematically on a large scale under Assam\u2019s climatic and soil conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A more organised effort followed this experimentation in <strong>1836<\/strong>, when the <strong>East India Company formed a Tea Committee<\/strong>. Experts were sent to Assam to study the tea plants, examine soil conditions, analyse yield potential, and assess commercial feasibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>During this phase, <strong>Charles Alexander Bruce<\/strong> emerged as a central figure. As the Superintendent of Tea Culture in Assam, he played a pioneering role in standardising cultivation methods and proving that Assam tea was not only viable but superior in strength and quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For an aspirant, this phase is important because it represents the <strong>scientific and institutional beginning<\/strong> of the tea industry in Assam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1839_and_the_Birth_of_the_Plantation_Economy\"><\/span>1839 and the Birth of the Plantation Economy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The real transformation came in <strong>1839<\/strong> with the formation of the <strong>Assam Company<\/strong>, India\u2019s first major tea plantation company.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This was not just the creation of a company; it was the creation of a <strong>plantation-based economic system<\/strong>. Experimental gardens were taken over, large tracts of land were cleared, and tea estates began to spread rapidly across Upper and Middle Assam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regions like <strong>Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Sivasagar, Golaghat, and Sonitpur<\/strong> gradually turned into tea belts. The British introduced factory-based processing units and an estate management system that allowed tea to be produced in massive quantities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this expansion required labour on an unprecedented scale. The local population was neither sufficient nor willing to work under harsh plantation conditions. As a result, the British brought indentured labourers from central India, giving rise to a plantation labour system whose social consequences are still visible today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This period is extremely important for Mains answers because it allows you to link tea cultivation with <strong>colonial exploitation, labour history, demographic change, and social inequality<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_Did_Tea_Auctions_Enable_Assams_Entry_into_the_Global_Tea_Market\"><\/span>How Did Tea Auctions Enable Assam\u2019s Entry into the Global Tea Market?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Producing tea was only one part of the story. Selling it efficiently was equally important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In <strong>1861<\/strong>, India\u2019s first tea auction was held in <strong>Calcutta<\/strong>. This event institutionalised tea trade by introducing organised pricing, transparent bidding, and structured distribution networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Assam tea, auctions were a gateway to the global market. They connected tea estates in the Brahmaputra Valley to buyers in Britain and Europe. Over time, Assam tea became a recognised name in international trade circles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the late nineteenth century, Assam was no longer a regional producer. It had become a <strong>global tea supplier<\/strong>, firmly integrated into colonial trade networks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"After_Independence_Change_Without_Disruption\"><\/span>After Independence: Change Without Disruption<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>When India gained independence in 1947, the tea industry did not undergo a dramatic transformation. The basic plantation structure remained intact. Ownership patterns changed gradually, but the estate system continued.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Post-Independence governments focused on stabilising production and improving welfare measures. Wages, housing, healthcare, and education facilities for tea workers saw some improvement, though progress was uneven and often inadequate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One significant positive development during this period was the strengthening of scientific research. Institutions such as the <strong>Tocklai Tea Research Institute<\/strong> contributed immensely by improving yield, controlling pests, and refining processing techniques.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This phase is best described as one of <strong>continuity with cautious reform<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"The_Global_Identity_of_Assam_Tea\"><\/span>The Global Identity of Assam Tea<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the decades, Assam tea developed a strong and distinct identity in the global market. It became known for its deep colour, brisk taste, and malty flavour. In particular, Assam\u2019s <strong>second flush orthodox teas<\/strong> gained international appreciation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This distinctive taste profile is not accidental. It is a result of Assam\u2019s climate, soil, and tea variety working together. From an exam perspective, this helps you explain why Assam tea continues to hold its position despite global competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"GI_Recognition_Protecting_a_Legacy\"><\/span><strong>GI Recognition: Protecting a Legacy<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the 2000s, branding and intellectual property became increasingly important in global trade. Recognising this, <strong>Assam Orthodox Tea received Geographical Indication (GI) status<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The GI tag legally protects the name \u201cAssam Tea\u201d and ensures that only tea produced in the region, following specific standards, can be marketed under that name. It also helps in preventing misuse, improving traceability, and enhancing premium value.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Mains answers, GI recognition works well as a <strong>forward-looking reform<\/strong> and a marker of quality assurance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Does_the_Present_Structure_of_the_Tea_Industry_in_Assam_Look_Like\"><\/span>What Does the Present Structure of the Tea Industry in Assam Look Like?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Today, the tea industry in Assam is far more complex than it was during the plantation era. Large corporate estates still exist, but alongside them operate medium-sized estates and a rapidly growing number of <strong>small tea growers<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Assam today produces <strong>more than half of India\u2019s total tea output<\/strong>, making it the largest tea-producing state in the country. Tea remains the backbone of Assam\u2019s rural economy, providing direct and indirect employment to millions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, beneath this impressive scale lies a set of deep-rooted challenges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_Are_the_Major_Problems_of_the_Tea_Industry_in_Assam\"><\/span>What Are the Major Problems of the Tea Industry in Assam?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Although the tea industry is the backbone of Assam\u2019s economy and the largest source of employment in rural areas, it is currently passing through a <strong>multi-dimensional crisis<\/strong>. The problems are not limited to production alone; they extend to <strong>climate, labour, cost, market structure, and social conditions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-19-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-19-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-19-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-19-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-19-300x450.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-19-850x1275.png 850w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-19.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Let us understand these problems one by one, in a flowing manner, exactly how you can explain them in <strong>APSC or UPSC Mains<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Climate_Change_and_Weather_Extremes\"><\/span>Climate Change and Weather Extremes<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea cultivation in Assam is highly climate-sensitive. Irregular rainfall, rising temperatures, floods, and droughts disturb the growth cycle of tea bushes, reduce yield, and affect quality. Climate uncertainty has increased production risks and costs for tea estates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Aging_Tea_Bushes_and_Declining_Productivity\"><\/span>Aging Tea Bushes and Declining Productivity<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>A large proportion of tea bushes in Assam are very old, leading to low yield and higher susceptibility to pests and diseases. Replantation is slow due to high costs and long non-productive periods, causing stagnation in productivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rising_Cost_of_Production_and_Shrinking_Profit_Margins\"><\/span>Rising Cost of Production and Shrinking Profit Margins<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Input costs such as wages, fertilizers, fuel, and electricity have risen sharply, while tea prices remain volatile. This imbalance has reduced profitability and weakened the financial health of tea gardens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Labour_Shortage_and_Workforce_Issues\"><\/span>Labour Shortage and Workforce Issues<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The tea industry faces labour shortages as younger generations migrate to other sectors. Low wages and poor working conditions discourage workforce retention, affecting plantation efficiency.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Poor_Living_Conditions_in_Tea_Garden_Areas\"><\/span>Poor Living Conditions in Tea Garden Areas<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Many tea garden workers continue to live in poor socio-economic conditions with limited access to healthcare, education, sanitation, and nutrition. This impacts labour productivity and reflects long-standing social neglect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Price_Volatility_and_Market_Uncertainty\"><\/span>Price Volatility and Market Uncertainty<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea prices fluctuate due to changes in domestic and global demand. Heavy dependence on auctions and exports exposes Assam\u2019s tea industry to income instability and financial uncertainty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Global_and_Domestic_Competition\"><\/span>Global and Domestic Competition<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Assam tea faces strong competition from countries like Kenya and Sri Lanka, which produce tea at lower costs. Within India, competition from other tea-growing regions further pressures prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quality_Control_Issues_Among_Small_Tea_Growers\"><\/span>Quality Control Issues Among Small Tea Growers<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The rapid growth of small tea growers has increased output but also created quality inconsistencies. Lack of technical knowledge and regulation sometimes affects the reputation of Assam tea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pest_and_Disease_Incidence\"><\/span>Pest and Disease Incidence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Increased pest attacks due to climate change reduce yield and quality. Managing pests raises costs, and excessive pesticide use creates residue-related export concerns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Limited_Value_Addition_and_Weak_Branding\"><\/span>Limited Value Addition and Weak Branding<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Most Assam tea is sold in bulk form with minimal value addition. Poor branding and limited penetration into premium and specialty markets reduce revenue potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Climate_Required_for_Tea_Cultivation\"><\/span>Climate Required for Tea Cultivation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea is a climate-sensitive plantation crop, and its spatial distribution is largely determined by rainfall, temperature, humidity, and frost-free conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-18-683x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-18-683x1024.png 683w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-18-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-18-768x1152.png 768w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-18-300x450.png 300w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-18-850x1275.png 850w, https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image-18.png 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Rainfall_Requirement\"><\/span>Rainfall Requirement<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea needs about <strong>150\u2013300 cm of rainfall annually<\/strong>, well distributed throughout the year. Regular rainfall supports continuous leaf growth and allows multiple plucking cycles. Regions with long dry spells are unsuitable unless irrigation is available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Temperature_Conditions\"><\/span>Temperature Conditions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The ideal temperature range for tea cultivation lies between <strong>20\u00b0C and 30\u00b0C<\/strong>. Moderate warmth promotes vegetative growth, while very high or low temperatures reduce yield and leaf quality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Humidity_Levels\"><\/span>Humidity Levels<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea requires <strong>high relative humidity, usually above 70%<\/strong>. Moist air prevents excessive transpiration and keeps leaves soft and tender, which is essential for producing quality tea.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sunshine_and_Cloud_Cover\"><\/span>Sunshine and Cloud Cover<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea grows best under <strong>diffused sunlight<\/strong>. Light cloud cover protects the leaves from scorching and helps maintain flavour and aroma. Excessive direct sunlight can damage tender shoots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Frost-Free_Environment\"><\/span>Frost-Free Environment<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea plants are extremely sensitive to frost. Even mild frost can damage bushes and stop growth, which is why tea is grown mainly in tropical and subtropical regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Importance_of_Tea_in_Cropping_Pattern_GS_Paper_1\"><\/span>Importance of Tea in Cropping Pattern (GS Paper 1)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Plantation_Crop_Example\"><\/span>Plantation Crop Example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea is a classic example of <strong>plantation agriculture<\/strong>, which is a key component of India\u2019s cropping pattern. It differs from food crops due to its commercial, labour-intensive, and export-oriented nature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Regional_Specialisation\"><\/span>Regional Specialisation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea cultivation explains the <strong>regional concentration of crops based on climate<\/strong>, especially in Assam. Large areas are devoted to tea, influencing land use, employment, and settlement patterns.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Link_with_Monsoon_and_Climate_Variability\"><\/span>Link with Monsoon and Climate Variability<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea\u2019s heavy dependence on rainfall and temperature makes it an important case study to explain the <strong>impact of monsoon behaviour and climate change on cropping patterns<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Economic_Role_of_Assam\"><\/span>Economic Role of Assam<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tea dominates Assam\u2019s agricultural economy and connects physical geography with economic activities, making it a high-value example for GS answers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Also_read_APSC_Mains_GS_Paper_V_Syllabus\"><\/span>Also read : <a href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/apsc-mains-gs-paper-v-syllabus\/\">APSC Mains GS Paper V Syllabus<\/a><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"List_of_Major_Tea_Estates_and_Tea_Companies_in_Assam\"><\/span>List of Major Tea Estates and Tea Companies in Assam<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Famous_Tea_Estates\"><\/span><strong>Famous Tea Estates<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Monabari Tea Estate (Asia\u2019s largest)<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Halmari Tea Estate<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Corramore Tea Estate<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hattigor Tea Estate<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sapoi Tea Estate<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nagrijuli Tea Estate<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Nonoi Tea Estate<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Amchong Tea Estate<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Major_Tea_Companies_Operating_in_Assam\"><\/span>Major Tea Companies Operating in Assam<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Assam Company India Ltd.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Goodricke Group Ltd.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Laxmi Tea Industries<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Bodoland Tea Company Pvt. Ltd.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rajshree Tea &amp; Industries<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rangchali Tea Co. Pvt. Ltd.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Borbil Tea Company<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mayank Tea Company<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Assam has <strong>790+ registered tea estates<\/strong>, making it the largest tea-growing region in India.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The development of the tea industry in Assam is a story of <strong>natural advantage, colonial intervention, global integration, and modern challenges<\/strong>. While Assam tea remains globally respected, sustaining this legacy requires <strong>urgent reforms, climate adaptation, social justice, and market innovation<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the right policy support and strategic vision, Assam can continue to remain the <strong>heart of India\u2019s tea economy<\/strong> while ensuring sustainable livelihoods for millions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/assam.gov.in\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/assam.gov.in<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/industries.assam.gov.in\/portlet-innerpage\/about-tea-industries\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/industries.assam.gov.in\/portlet-innerpage\/about-tea-industries<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The tea industry in Assam is not just an economic activity\u2014it is a living legacy&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1106,140,5449,5448,2155],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16407","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-important-topic-for-apsc","category-apsc-important-topic","category-assam-specific-notes","category-general-studies","category-geography"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16407","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16407"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16407\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16413,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16407\/revisions\/16413"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16407"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16407"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16407"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}