{"id":2868,"date":"2023-07-31T07:45:48","date_gmt":"2023-07-31T07:45:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/?p=2868"},"modified":"2025-04-10T04:03:58","modified_gmt":"2025-04-10T04:03:58","slug":"the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/","title":{"rendered":"Volcanism for APSC &amp; UPSC: Causes, Types, and Impact"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>For Prelims:<\/strong> classification of volcanoes, global volcanic distribution, the Pacific Ring of Fire, the Circum-Pacific Belt, and subduction zones.<\/p><div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_77 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Introduction\" >Introduction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Types_of_Volcanoes_Based_on_Eruption_Frequency\" >Types of Volcanoes Based on Eruption Frequency<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Types_of_Volcanoes_Based_on_Structure_and_Eruption_Style\" >Types of Volcanoes Based on Structure and Eruption Style<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Global_Distribution_of_Volcanic_Activity\" >Global Distribution of Volcanic Activity<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Intrusive_Volcanic_Landforms_Formed_beneath_the_surface\" >Intrusive Volcanic Landforms (Formed beneath the surface)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Predicting_Volcanic_Eruptions\" >Predicting Volcanic Eruptions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Volcanism_in_India\" >Volcanism in India<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Destructive_Effects_of_Volcanism\" >Destructive Effects of Volcanism<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Positive_Effects_of_Volcanism\" >Positive Effects of Volcanism<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/the-dynamic-geomorphology-of-volcanoes-and-earthquakes\/#Conclusion\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<p><strong>For Mains:<\/strong> Global distribution, importance, and impact of volcanic activities on the environment and human life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction\"><\/span><strong>Introduction<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanism is the endogenic process through which molten rock, gases, and other materials erupt from beneath a planet\u2019s surface, forming various landforms. It is a crucial geological phenomenon that shapes landscapes, influences climate, and affects ecosystems. In this article, we will discuss the types, distribution, and impact of volcanism while incorporating scientific insights into its prediction and monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Understanding volcanism is essential for both Prelims and Mains, as it is a key topic in Geography, Disaster Management, and Environmental Science, frequently asked in UPSC and state PSC exams.<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXeVH1iLpyIVtFWP8snNEPIYtvbDeRdzw9YlkQ1k_ZWnqS2FQ1aldJOzDAGh_gYX5_bNooEr2WpwEWFEuZytbxRxbqLe6ZszDjyvTv9ZyGSF3MPD69ZtrelhofIlnvLnFLMBAxmT_Q?key=ajL9kicsUdyF9Y08XmhmLCjx\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Understanding Volcanism<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanism, or you can say volcanic activity, occurs when internal heat melts portions of the Earth&#8217;s mantle, leading to the formation of magma. When this molten rock reaches the surface, it is called lava. The movement of magma results in both intrusive (beneath the surface) and extrusive (on the surface) landforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Magma vs. Lava :&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXcO1yZb2T2V95r9BQgw0cjYFEtaMLYSagUHRO27P0FlmECQr4NIhglcX-U8eteTEv4cYsNjqvyZnp79fuKrGIOfi-jZnV1RA2G9g520EIktz3g0Hz_ls95OlzkEOK4FEFpNo4V8ag?key=ajL9kicsUdyF9Y08XmhmLCjx\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Term<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Definition<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Magma<\/td><td>Molten rock stored beneath the Earth\u2019s surface<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lava<\/td><td>Magma that has reached the surface and flows as liquid rock&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Volcanoes_Based_on_Eruption_Frequency\"><\/span><strong>Types of Volcanoes Based on Eruption Frequency<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Active Volcanoes<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These volcanoes erupt frequently and are mostly found in the Pacific Ring of Fire, which includes regions like New Zealand, Southeast Asia, Japan, and the western coast of the Americas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>This region experiences about 90% of the world&#8217;s earthquakes due to the movement and collision of tectonic plates.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Examples of active volcanoes include <strong>Kilauea in Hawaii<\/strong> and <strong>Santa Maria in Guatemala<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dormant Volcanoes<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These volcanoes have not erupted in recent history but are not extinct and may become active in the future.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An example is <strong>Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania<\/strong>, the highest mountain in Africa, which is classified as a dormant volcano.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Extinct or Inactive Volcanoes<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These volcanoes have not erupted in the distant geological past and are unlikely to erupt again.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>An example is <strong>Dhinodhar Hill in Gujarat<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Types_of_Volcanoes_Based_on_Structure_and_Eruption_Style\"><\/span><strong>Types of Volcanoes Based on Structure and Eruption Style<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Shield Volcanoes<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These are the largest and most gently sloping volcanoes, primarily formed from basalt lava.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They usually erupt with low explosivity unless water interacts with the vent.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The lava flows in a fountain-like manner, forming a cinder cone around the vent before spreading out.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Classic examples include the Hawaiian volcanoes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Composite Volcanoes<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Also known as stratovolcanoes, these volcanoes erupt cooler and thicker lava compared to shield volcanoes.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They are built up over time through multiple explosive eruptions, layering ash, pyroclastic material, and lava flows.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Many composite volcanoes are found in the Pacific Ring of Fire, including Mayon Volcano (Philippines), Mount Fuji (Japan), and Mount Rainier (Washington, USA).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Calderas<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These are among the most explosive volcanoes, often collapsing inward during an eruption rather than building upwards.\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The resulting large depressions formed by these collapses are called calderas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Flood Basalt Provinces<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>These volcanoes erupt highly fluid lava that spreads over vast distances, creating thick basalt layers across large areas.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanoes<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Found along the mid-ocean ridge system, which stretches over 65,000 kilometers across ocean basins, these underwater volcanoes erupt frequently along the central ridge.<br><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Global_Distribution_of_Volcanic_Activity\"><\/span><strong>Global Distribution of Volcanic Activity<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Most volcanic activity occurs along <strong>converging plate boundaries<\/strong> and <strong>mid-oceanic ridges<\/strong>. The <strong>Circum-Pacific Belt<\/strong>, also known as the <strong>&#8220;Ring of Fire,&#8221;<\/strong> accounts for nearly <strong>75% of the world\u2019s active volcanoes<\/strong>. Another <strong>20%<\/strong> are found in the <strong>Mediterranean-Himalayan Belt<\/strong>, which includes <strong>Asia Minor, the Himalayas, and parts of northwest China<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since the <strong>16th century<\/strong>, approximately <strong>480 volcanoes<\/strong> have been recorded as active. Of these, nearly <strong>400 are located around the Pacific Ocean<\/strong>, while about <strong>80 are found in the Mediterranean Sea, the Alpine-Himalayan Belt, and parts of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans<\/strong>. The highest concentration of volcanoes is observed in the <strong>Aleutian-Kurile Island Arc, Melanesia, the African Rift Valley, and the New Zealand-Tonga Belt<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Only <strong>10% to 20%<\/strong> of volcanic activity occurs on land, while the majority takes place <strong>underwater<\/strong>. As a result, <strong>submarine volcanoes<\/strong> are significantly larger than their <strong>terrestrial counterparts<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Volcanic Landforms<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Intrusive_Volcanic_Landforms_Formed_beneath_the_surface\"><\/span><strong>Intrusive Volcanic Landforms (Formed beneath the surface)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Landform<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description &amp; Example<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Batholiths<\/td><td>Large dome-shaped granite bodies formed deep underground. Become visible after erosion removes overlying materials.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Laccoliths<\/td><td>Dome-shaped with a flat base and a pipe-like conduit, resembling a composite volcano but beneath the Earth. Example: Karnataka Plateau<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lopoliths<\/td><td>Saucer-shaped intrusive bodies, concave towards the sky.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Phacoliths<\/td><td>Wavy-shaped intrusions with a definite conduit to a deeper magma source.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Sheets\/Sills<\/td><td>Near-horizontal igneous intrusions. Thinner layers are called sheets, while thicker ones are called sills.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dykes<\/td><td>Magma solidifies in cracks, forming vertical wall-like structures. Example: Deccan Traps, Maharashtra<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Extrusive Volcanic Landforms (Formed on the surface)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><td><strong>Landform<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Description<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fissure Vents<\/td><td>Long cracks releasing lava<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Conical Volcanoes<\/td><td>Steep volcanic cones formed by eruptions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lava Plateaus<\/td><td>Extensive regions covered by fluid lava<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Calderas<\/td><td>Large craters formed by collapsed volcanoes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Lava Domes<\/td><td>Thick, slow-moving lava forming domes<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Predicting_Volcanic_Eruptions\"><\/span><strong>Predicting Volcanic Eruptions<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Scientists use various methods to predict volcanic eruptions, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Seismic Monitoring\u2014<\/strong>Earthquake activity often precedes eruptions.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Ground Deformation Analysis\u2014<\/strong>Swelling of the surface due to rising magma.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Gas Emissions\u2014<\/strong>Increased release of gases like sulfur dioxide.<br><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Thermal and Magnetic Changes\u2014<\/strong>Heat buildup and shifts in magnetic fields.<br><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Volcanism_in_India\"><\/span><strong>Volcanism in India<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>India has no volcanoes in the <strong>Himalayan region<\/strong> or the <strong>Indian peninsula<\/strong>. However, <strong>Barren Island<\/strong>, located in the <strong>Andaman and Nicobar Islands<\/strong>, is the <strong>only active volcano in India<\/strong>. It became active in the <strong>1990s<\/strong> and was confirmed as an <strong>active volcano<\/strong> after spewing lava and ash in <strong>2017<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another volcanic island in Indian territory is <strong>Narcondam<\/strong>, situated about <strong>150 km northeast of Barren Island<\/strong>. It is considered <strong>extinct<\/strong>, as its <strong>crater wall has been destroyed<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.shortpixel.ai\/stsp\/to_webp,q_lossy,ret_img\/https:\/\/lh7-rt.googleusercontent.com\/docsz\/AD_4nXcs7KqPCVyYWO45O_uxRg5Jwr6go1RiFy6ReRH25I38jzeuioB7HAKEnZmsxnYWq-FrwvGX6u3vHM2SGWGJAQ17Jgr8anhHYV5Nb21DAG_x5j-_fbZv7zyrjm-gBt5gTck-9dW3fA?key=ajL9kicsUdyF9Y08XmhmLCjx\" alt=\"\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Impacts of Volcanic Eruptions :&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Destructive_Effects_of_Volcanism\"><\/span><strong>Destructive Effects of Volcanism<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanic eruptions can cause massive destruction. Lava flows can cover entire cities, destroying homes, roads, and natural landscapes. The falling of hot rocks and ash can harm people and animals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Earthquakes linked to volcanic activity can shake the ground violently, while heavy rain can mix with volcanic ash to form mudflows that bury nearby areas. Sometimes, volcanic ash settles due to rain, covering large regions and making life difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After an eruption, people may suffer from health problems like breathing issues, burns, and injuries from slippery roads. Volcanic activity can also reduce water quality, harm crops, and damage vegetation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In coastal areas, underwater volcanic activity can trigger tsunamis, which cause widespread destruction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Positive_Effects_of_Volcanism\"><\/span><strong>Positive Effects of Volcanism<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite its dangers, volcanism also has several benefits. It helps form new landforms such as islands, plateaus, and volcanic mountains.<strong> Example: The Deccan Plateau and Mount Vesuvius.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanic ash and dust make the soil very fertile, which helps farmers grow crops. Even volcanic rocks break down over time to form nutrient-rich soil. Though steep volcanic slopes are unsuitable for farming, they support forests that provide valuable timber.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanoes bring important minerals like copper and diamonds to the surface. Example: <strong>The kimberlite rock of South Africa, which is a source of diamonds.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lava rocks are widely used in construction, such as for making concrete and railway tracks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In volcanic areas, underground water gets heated by magma, forming hot springs and geysers. This heat is used to produce geothermal energy, which is an important source of electricity in countries like the USA, Russia, Japan, Italy, New Zealand, and Mexico.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many volcanic areas also attract tourists, boosting local economies. Some volcanoes have been turned into national parks to protect their beauty and wildlife.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclusion\"><\/span><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanism is a dynamic geological process that has played a crucial role in shaping the Earth&#8217;s landscape. While it poses serious hazards, it also creates fertile land and contributes to planetary evolution. Continued research and monitoring are essential for mitigating volcanic risks and understanding Earth&#8217;s internal processes<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>UPSC Prelims PYQs&nbsp; (2018)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>1. Consider the following statements :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian Territory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991, and it has remained inactive since then.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Which of the statements given above is\/are correct?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1. Only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2 and 3 Only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3 Only<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>1 and 3 Only<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Answer <\/strong>: A<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The Barren Island volcano is an active volcano located in the Indian Territory : Correct.<\/strong> Barren Island is India&#8217;s only active volcano, situated in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands<br><strong>Barren Island lies about 140 km east of Great Nicobar: Incorrect.<\/strong> Barren Island is approximately 140 km northeast of Port Blair, not Great Nicobar.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>The last time the Barren Island volcano erupted was in 1991, and it has remained inactive since then : Incorrect.<\/strong> After a dormant period of over 150 years, Barren Island erupted in 1991 and has exhibited intermittent activity since then, with eruptions reported in 1995, 2005, 2017, and 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>UPSC MAINS PYQ &#8211;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mains (GS Paper I \u2013 Geography)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Discuss the geophysical characteristics of the Circum-Pacific Zone. (2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Discuss the natural resource potential of the \u2018Deccan Trap\u2019 (2022)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mention the global occurrence of volcanic eruptions in 2021 and their impact on the regional environment (2021)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Also Read:- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/plate-tectonic-theory-the-dynamic-earths-geomorphological-evolution\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/plate-tectonic-theory-the-dynamic-earths-geomorphological-evolution\/<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Volcanoes and earthquakes are awe-inspiring natural phenomena that shape the Earth&#8217;s surface through intense geological processes. In this article, we explore the captivating world of volcano and earthquake dynamic geomorphology, delving into the mechanisms behind these powerful events, their impact on landscapes, and the significance of studying them. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15859,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":true,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2868","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2868"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2868\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":15860,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2868\/revisions\/15860"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/15859"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2868"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2868"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.borthakursiasacademy.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2868"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}